日本語化(Napoleon)/localisation.loc/1-5000/4401-4500(Original)

building_description_texts_long_description_tCommerce2_merchant_house_european \n\nAs trade opens up the world, people begin to contemplate the best way to exploit commodities. A merchant house is a place for traders to gather to discuss trade and conduct business. New ways of financing their enterprises can also be tried. The merchants’ rapidly increasing finances are also looked after and reinvested in all manner of ways, benefiting the region as a whole.\n\nHistorically, the Rothschild banking family controlled the finances of some of the most important men of the Napoleonic era. Nathan Mayer Rothschild established his business in London and was responsible for handling the gold bullion that was sent to Wellington for his war effort in Portugal and Spain. Rothschild took a small percentage commission for handling what turned out to be millions in gold. With important, and profitable, transactions like these the Rothschilds were set up a network of family branches to handle business the world over. His connections bought Nathan Rothschild the news of Wellington’s victory at Waterloo a full day before it reached the government! False
building_description_texts_long_description_tCommerce3_banking_house_european \n\nBanking houses are generally found in centres of trade and are responsible for financing various enterprises, from small commercial ventures to a country’s entire war effort. As these houses accumulate greater wealth they become increasingly powerful.\n\nHistorically, one of the oldest merchant banks in Britain was the Barings Bank, established in 1762 by father and son Francis and John Baring. They were best known for their involvement in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The United States of America wanted to purchase the territory of Louisiana from the French, but impending war with Britain led to a French refusal to accept the bonds that America offered as payment. During the temporary period of peace, Barings acted as an intermediary between the two countries, buying the bonds at a cut down price from Napoleon and providing him with the equivalent gold, which came to $8,831,250. Barings is better remembered today for its spectacular collapse in 1995, after speculation by one of its traders broke the bank. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tEducation1_college_european \n\nA college offers an academic education, perhaps a veneer of sophistication, to the sons of the aristocracy, the gentry, and the merchant classes. It may also, unintentionally, expose these people to the dangerous concept of thinking about the world, and that can create a wish for reform, if the world’s many injustices are considered.\n\nHistorically, a college education usually required substantial wealth, as there were scholarships or charitable places for the talented poor. Although science and philosophy were on the curriculum, the ideas taught were usually socially and politically conservative rather than radical. College masters were unlikely to see any reasons for upsetting the wealthy parents of their scholars, and most students saw no reason to question their entrenched privileges. Radicalism was confined to a small number of students, or came out in rebellious and extremely bad behaviour involving local taverns, bawdyhouses, and “actresses”. Rebellion could always be curbed by a dose of the pox, or a threat from father to cut off an allowance! False
building_description_texts_long_description_tEducation2_university_european \n\nA university offers young men from good families a fine education, and the chance to study the greatest achievements of mankind. As a result there is a chance that, each turn, this university may produce a gentleman, a useful agent for his nation. The faculty also aids research into new technologies, but may produce a wish for reform among the people; even though the university is socially conservative, it cannot keep all progressive thoughts away from its students.\n\nA good education was useful for those who wished to make their way in the world using talent as well as family connections. A young gentleman’s studies were wide ranging, and not tied to any particular subject area: an awarded degree or doctorate was proof enough of some intellectual achievement. Historically, the established church in many countries had established the universities, and continued to run them. This meant that the university as a body rarely challenged the established order of things; the teachers and students both had vested interests in the status quo. While wild, threatening ideas about the world and the way it should work did emerge, the universities were rarely radical or revolutionary breeding grounds. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tEducation2_university_middle_east \n\nEach turn, there is a chance that the university will produce a scholar of particular note, and the faculty will be of use in researching new technologies. Society does not necessarily want the university to produce radical thinkers, but able, polished men to occupy the high offices of state. Even so, education does tend to produce questioning minds. As Muslims, the students can study not only their faith, but also the law, jurisprudence, science, and history. At the same time, there is also a distinctly Turkish flavour, as Ottoman culture and achievements are celebrated and studied. There is a socially and nationally cohesive view of the world that is not quite the same as a purely Islamic education on offer elsewhere.\n\nHistorically, Islamic education was among the best on offer anywhere in the world. Subjects ranged across Arabic literature, English, French, Dutch, and other useful trade languages, as well as science, medicine, mathematics, and world history. The scholars produced were intellectually rounded individuals, with a better formal education than western Europeans. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tEducation3_enlightened_university_european \n\nEach turn, a modern university has a very good chance of producing a gentleman, and it also significantly aids technology research in the region. The liberal thinking that occurs greatly improves the region's happiness, but also creates a strong desire for reform among the people. National pride in intellectual achievement is an important motive in the all the studies undertaken, along with personal pride and ambition. Ideas, however, are not confined to the intellectual elite, but passed on to everyone who can understand: learning inspires artists, poets and musicians, and well-read laymen.\n\nThe French Revolution was not always kind to scientists. On the one hand, Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) did not suffer greatly and was not forced out of the country on account of his Italian birth; Napoleon later named him as one of the Légion d'honneur. On the other hand, Antoine Lavoisier (1743-94), a man rightly hailed as the father of modern chemistry was, in the space of a single day, tried, condemned, and executed on trumped-up charges. His involvement in tax farming possibly counted against him, but in killing Lavoisier, a political liberal as well as a genius, France lost one of the greatest minds of all time. False
building_description_texts_long_description_temp_key PLACEHOLDER Long Description False
building_description_texts_long_description_tFactory1_manufactory_european \n\nA manufactory creates goods on a large scale. Although this creates new jobs in the local area it has a negative effect on the happiness of the lower classes. The mechanical and repetitive nature of the work produces harsh working conditions. Gone are the days when master craftsmen could take pride in their efforts; instead, men tend machines, or do a single task over and over again.\n\nA “manufactory” was distinguished from a “factory” because goods of some kind were made there, rather than being traded. Every type of item that could be made was eventually turned out by a manufactory somewhere: pottery, cloth, iron, weapons, and so forth. With better transport by canal and river, it also became possible for towns to specialise in the making of a single type of product: Nottingham in England produced enormous quantities of lace, while Northampton, a little to the south, became a centre of shoe manufacture. Wherever coal could be easily mined, there appeared great mills and filthy towns of workers' slums. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tFactory2_factory_european \n\nMachines are the wonder of the modern age, allowing tasks previously limited to skilled craftsmen to be handled by the average working man. Productivity and profits are increased ten-fold, adding to the industrial wealth of a region. This does little to please the lower classes, who have awful working conditions foisted upon them.\n\nOne of the first factories in Britain, in the modern sense of the word, was Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mill in Derbyshire in northern England. Unlike mills of the past, it was purpose-built to house machinery designed by Arkwright himself. The factory’s design was so successful that similar mills were established all along the Derwent Valley in Derbyshire. Towns quickly sprang up around these mills and the houses were purposely arranged to make the mill the centre of town. The need to find overseas markets for factory-made goods was one of the driving forces of British expansionism and aggressive trading. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tFactory3_steam_powered_factory_european \n\nSteam power allows factories to be built away from rivers, because water wheels are no longer a limit on where they can be built. This opens up large areas of countryside that had previously been unsuitable for mills and factories. However, such industrialisation makes the lower classes miserable, due to their harsh working and living conditions.\n\nHistorically, the introduction of steam power to industry in the 19th century did change the way that mills and factories worked. It was no longer necessary to build them in valleys, where rivers could be diverted for power. A central boiler house and engine shed provided all the power, and this was fed into the rest of the factory through drive shafts and belts. It became increasingly dangerous to work in factories, as the machinery itself could now be operated at a much higher speed. Accidents were nearly always blamed on the workers, who received no compensation for any injuries or deaths. Some factory owners stopped wages for everyone when there was an accident, because they made no profits while machinery was being cleared of blood and body parts. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tGuns1_gunsmith_european \n\nA gunsmith specialises in the design, building and repair of firearms. Gunsmiths are skilled craftsmen who need an expert knowledge of metallurgy and a fine eye for detail. Being able to arm soldiers is, of course, an important requirement for raising effective units. A gunsmith’s factory, however, is not a pleasant place for the lowly artisans who do most of the actual work.\n\nOwning a good pair of duelling pistols was a must for many gentlemen, even though duelling was largely frowned upon and even illegal in some countries. This didn’t stop some of the most influential men of the time owning pistols. Napoleon owned a set personally designed for him by the influential French engineer, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. The most famous individual to fight a duel was probably the Duke of Wellington: in 1829 he fought a duel against the 9th Earl of Winchelsea. Both men fired into the air, as the point was to satisfy honour, not kill each other. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tGuns2_musket_manufactury_european \n\nCentralising the provision of weapons is a sensible thing to do when raising large armies. Equipping recruits with standardised items standardises weapons drill and unit tactics, and thereby improves the recruitment of military units. While the rank and file make do with government-made weapons, it is usual for officers to purchase their own equipment. Many craft-based armaments firms can thrive by making bespoke items for wealthy gentlemen.\n\nHistorically, the French Charville and British “Brown Bess” Land Pattern muskets were outstandingly successful designs, and both remained in service for over a century with only minor modifications. This standardisation was a major step forward in tactical and, more importantly, logistical terms. Armies could no longer entirely live off the land: ammunition and powder had to be made and sent to the troops. With standard designs, it also became possible to “cannibalise” damaged weapons for spare parts, something that was impossible if weapons were locally bought by individual regiments. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tGuns3_small_arms_factory_european \n\nBy consolidating weapon production into one government-controlled factory the cost of weapons is significantly lessened and the quality of pieces also improves. Unfortunately, the harsh working conditions of these factories leave the lower classes miserable and disgruntled about their lot in life.\n\nHistorically, the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield, London was built under the instruction of the British Board of Ordinance towards the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The factory was eventually completed in 1816, too late to be of any immediate use, and began production of rifles and muskets. Swords were not produced until 1823. The site chosen for the factory was next to the River Lee, as this gave power for the machines and a means of transport. The Enfield factory would go on to make some of the most famous weapons used by the British army, including the .303 Lee-Enfield Rifle, or SMLE, another standard infantry weapon that was in service for many decades. False
building_description_texts_long_description_theatre_european \n\nA night at the theatre is a bawdy, rambunctious, rowdy, exciting, and novel experience. The theatre holds up a mirror to society, and sometimes society does not like what it sees. The audience show little respect, heckling is an art, and performers play to their claques rather than follow the text. Yet each great performance, each actor-manager, each new work, is eagerly followed by the chattering classes.\n\nHistorically, theatres could mean a great deal of trouble for the authorities. Riots were not uncommon if unpopular or provocative plays were staged, and David Garrick, the leading light of the London stage, was forced to kneel in apology before a fickle audience he had offended. They were in the process of completely wrecking his theatre and his livelihood! Because of this public excitability, and the potential for subversive propaganda, in the interests of “public morality” all governments closely monitored theatre performances. Indeed, Great Britain only scrapped censorship of theatres in 1968 when the Lord Chancellor’s Office no longer required London theatres to have approval for every production. False
building_description_texts_long_description_theatre_middle_east \n\nThe word came to English through Italian, where the Turkish “serai” (palace) was confused with the Latin word “sera” (door-bar). A “serai” was any grand palace built around a courtyard, not just a harem. Despite this confusion, there were separate quarters for concubines (Circassian girls were highly prized for their reputedly amazing good looks), and access was tightly controlled.\n\nThe whole idea of a seraglio became something of an obsession in Western Europe, and the subject matter of many works of art in “Turkish” Oriental style, which was quite popular during the 18th Century. Obviously, it combined the exotic and the naughtily erotic in tasteful pictures for the rich! The concept provided the inspiration for Mozart’s opera, “Die Entführung aus dem Serail” (Abduction from the Seraglio), where the hero attempts to rescue his love from the clutches of an Ottoman Pasha. First performed in Austria in 1782 under the (indirect) patronage of the Austrian Emperor, Joseph II, there has to be a suspicion that anti-Turkish sentiment informed the piece. Nevertheless, the opera was a success and personally very profitable for Mozart. False
building_description_texts_long_description_timber_logging_camp_european \n\nApart from its obvious uses in construction and as fuel, timber is vital for shipbuilding. All vessels of the period are entirely wooden, and need hundreds of tons of good quality timber, of many kinds, each. Frames and structural members, for example, are made of oak. Buildings also use large amounts of wood both in the structure and during the building process as scaffolding.\n\nHistorically, the forests of the eastern seaboard of America were an extremely useful strategic resource, as they became an excellent source of the trees needed for masts and yards for the British Royal Navy. By their nature, masts need tall trees! Other types of timber became important cash crops, such as the mahogany found in the Far East, prized for its strength and beauty. False
building_description_texts_long_description_timber_lumber_mill_european \n\nIt is more efficient to ship half-finished planks and logs than tree trunks, thus increasing the profits from logging. Even though most of the equipment used is brought in from home, a lumber mill on a good site can easily repay the investment. The hard work needed to dig a mill pond and race, as well as carefully position a waterwheel is also handsomely repaid when a powered saw starts work.\n\nHistorically, it was possible for a logging operation to denude a forest of all of its profitable trees, in the process causing terrible environmental damage. Without the trees, the soil is soon gone, washed away in the first strong rains. It then becomes almost impossible for any kind of forest to re-establish itself. This worried hardly anyone in the 18th Century (there were exceptions – some men did go out of their way to plant trees so that navies would never be without supplies), as the world had been given to men to subdue, and there were always more trees in the next valley. False
building_description_texts_long_description_trading_company_european \n\nTrading companies can be enormous, with fleets of armed merchant ships carrying all manner of cargoes. The successors to the medieval merchant adventurers, they generate fantastic wealth from their operations. Usually granted a government monopoly in either a geographic area or in a set of trade goods, the companies can also act as a privatised diplomatic service in distant corners of the globe. They are known to do deal with local potentates for trade concessions, military access, tax farming and they have taken over native governments by imposing their “advisors”.\n\nHistorically, the great East India companies of Britain, France and the Netherlands were armed, quasi-independent mercantile mini-states. The British East India Company was wealthy almost beyond imagining: its trade represented about one-sixth of the British national income. Like the French “Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales” and Dutch “Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie”, the “John Company” had its own fleet and army. In India it fought wars and had its own foreign policy, giving the British government little choice but to support its actions. In modern times only petrochemical, mining and arms companies have commanded comparable power over nations. False
building_description_texts_long_description_trading_port_european \n\nMost roads are simply terrible, and bulk cargoes (such as coal) must go by ship anyway: it is the only way of moving goods cheaply and relatively quickly. It also makes the whole world a marketplace, even if the customers are not sure what to make of the goods they are being sent (British merchants insisted on exporting heavy woollen cloth to India for years, even though there was no obvious market for it).\n\nCoastal trade can also be very profitable. For example, a “cheese fleet” did nothing but shuttle back and forth between London and the northwest of England, bringing Cheshire cheeses to the London market. By a happy accident of geology, Cheshire had rock salt mines that provided a preservative for the local cheese to make the sea journey to London. Although salty, this was undoubtedly healthier than most food on a gentleman’s table in the 18th Century! False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSecret1_gentlemens_club_european \n\nA member's club is a sanctuary, a place to escape everyday life and spend some time with like-minded fellows. They are also quiet, private places, where secrets can be shared and deals done out of sight of others. They are, in fact, breeding grounds for intrigue, gossip, and double-dealing, making them the perfect breeding ground for unsavoury spies.\n\nHistorically, member's clubs first appeared in London towards the end of the 18th century. They were highly exclusive in their early years and provided the upper classes with somewhere to gamble, technically an illegal pastime. However, gambling was the least of many evils practised in these clubs. Perhaps the most infamous of these societies was the Hellfire Club, originally established in London in 1719 by the Duke of Wharton, simply for the purposes of debauchery. In 1735, the Irish Hellfire Club was established, and went on to outdo its predecessor in as many foul ways as possible. These included paying defrocked priests to perform mock Catholic masses, sacrificing cats to Satan and, allegedly, on one occasion offering up a dwarf in a diabolic sacrifice. To this day, no one is entirely sure why a dwarf was considered appropriate. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSecret1_gentlemens_club_middle_east \n\nThe lure of the coffee house is the hustle and bustle of the place, the gossip that can be overheard, and the business that can be done there. It is the perfect place to meet, well, anyone, for any dark, nefarious, and unpleasant purpose, and all disguised by the perfectly innocent practice of taking a dish of coffee.\n\nCoffee was used first as a stimulant and a digestive in the Islamic world, reserved for mosque officials and medical men. The wonder of a drink that could keep a man awake all night so that he could observe the Moon properly and thereby keep the calendar properly ordered was a blessing indeed. Originally, coffee berries were used in the Yemen to make a kind of tea, but someone, somewhere accidentally stumbled across the idea of roasting the beans to make coffee as we would recognise it today. The brew, made by repeatedly boiling ground beans, was very close to what is now thought of as Turkish coffee, and must have been a welcome stimulant for everyone who tried it. After reaching Constantinople, the coffee habit took a further century before it reached Christian Europe: the first coffee house in Venice was opened in 1645. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSecret2_secret_society_european \n\nThe business of secret societies is, well, secret. What goes on behind their closed doors and in hidden chambers is a mystery, wrapped in misdirection and cloaked in falsehood. This building supports a number of spies and increases the chance that a spy may be produced each turn. It also has a positive effect on the happiness of all classes: who knows who might be watching, or listening? Surely it is better to be happy than attract unwelcome attention with frowns!\n\nSecret societies have always attracted a good deal of attention because of their secrecy, and many have been accused of conspiracies to do everything, from running a single country to running the whole world. Thanks to the secrecy of the Masons, they have often been suspected of many nefarious activities. A typical “secret” society founded in the early 19th Century is American: the “Skull and Bones Society”, set up by Yale University students. Its secrecy probably owed more to a desire not to have parents and university officials know just how much drinking was going on, but in recent years it has been the subject of many conspiracy theories. In 2007 the American CIA felt it necessary to deny rumours that it owed its establishment to a cabal of Skull and Bones members! False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSecret3_masonic_lodge_european \n\nA Masonic lodge is an ideal meeting place for like-minded people to discuss many important and secret matters. Although primarily for the upper and middle classes, a Masonic lodge does improve the happiness of the lower classes. Perhaps they are pleased that their betters are too busy to be regularly horsewhipping them for impudence…\n\nThe first Grand Lodge of the Freemasons was established in England in 1717, when four lodges came together at the Goose and Gridiron Ale House in St Paul’s churchyard. Just a few years later in 1723 James Anderson wrote ‘The Constitutions of the Free-masons’, and laid out the rules by which the fraternity would be governed. In this document he traced the history of “the craft” all the way back to the Old Testament. Whatever its origins, Masonry spread across Europe with some rapidity during the Age of the Enlightenment, prompting warnings from the Catholic Church and suspicion from both revolutionaries and arch-conservatives. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSecret3_masonic_lodge_middle_east The ever-present threat of the secret service actually has a positive effect on the population: people are not foolish, and will do anything to avoid the attention of the authorities, including being happy! This is also the ideal delivery point for people bringing important and secret information from foreign lands.\n\nHistorically, much foreign intelligence gathering in the Napoleon period was hampered by the refusal of gentlemen to “read other people’s mail”. The Ottoman Empire was much more sensible, and the Yildiz Yeskilati may be the very first formal secret service. Other states had ad hoc arrangements, and certainly intercepted diplomatic messages whenever possible. The term “secret service” has meant many different things over the centuries: the US Secret Service, for example, was given the tightly defined job of fighting dollar counterfeiting and, eventually, the protection of the President. Despite the name, the US Secret Service were not spies! False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSupply1_supply_post_european \n\nAn army marches only because the bellies of the soldiers and horses are full and their feet are properly shod. A supply post exists to keep supplies flowing into an army, all the military necessities that cannot be taken from the enemy’s lands by foraging. This is the responsibility of the commissariats, although many field officers would argue that their only mission in life is keeping their account books in order!\n\nThe great soldier-king, Frederick the Great of Prussia, entirely grasped the need for a properly organised system of supplies for his campaigns in Silesia. His rigid tactical system was almost obsolete by the Napoleonic period; indeed, the Prussian army suffered dreadfully for keeping to it when facing French armies. His supply methods, however, including the creation of extensive supply dumps along lines of advance, were a triumph that every general would have done well to study. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSupply2_supply_warehouse_european \n\nAll armies can, if needs must, forage for supplies in the lands that they pass through. This can ruin the countryside for years, if the depredations are particularly savage. Food, shelter, and firewood are the easily obtainable items, although taking these usually means that the local population starves; is thrown out of its hovels, or palaces; and finds that every stick of furniture has been burned. However, an army cannot forage for what does not exist: gunpowder and arms. These have to be supplied from a central depot of some kind, and carried to the battle by a long train of supply wagons.\n\nUnlike the French and other continental armies, the British army was under orders to refrain from large scale foraging and pillaging. This decision was not based on mercy or some kind of misplaced politeness, but a result of a cold calculation. It was considered a better bargain to pay for most supplies, even if only in promissory notes, than alienate a complete population. As a result, British provosts were sometimes very busy hanging looters, but the British army never really had to worry about “banditti” or “guerillas” falling on their lines of communication. False
building_description_texts_long_description_tSupply3_supply_depot_european \n\nGood generals understand that fighting battles is only a small part of military affairs. Equally important to success is in keeping an army healthy, supplied, and capable. To do this requires organisation and, above all, a good supply corps: a soldier without ammunition might as well not have stayed at home as come to the battlefield.\n\nPart of Napoleon’s genius for military affairs lay in his ability to take existing systems and make them work at full efficiency. His armies simply could not have functioned without a supply system, even though French armies were also much given to plundering, looting, and terrible depredations on foreign civil populations, all in the name of foraging. Stripping a country of everything might feed the men, but it could not provide the purely military supplies that they required: ammunition, powder, and uniforms, even boots. Huge stocks of matériel were required for any army, even one that did not fight, as life in the field wore out everything! Foraging only worked in relatively prosperous lands; one of the reasons that the invasion of Russia ended in disaster was that the Russians themselves destroyed everything in the French path, rather than let them have it. False
building_description_texts_long_description_university_european \n\nEducation is vital for those who wish to enter the professions, or make their way in government using talent alone. A good, well-trained brain is an excellent substitute for birth and social connections. A young gentleman’s studies can be wide ranging, and need not be tied to any particular faculty or subject area – an awarded degree or doctorate is proof enough of intellectual achievement.\n\nHistorically, in Europe at least, the established church controlled most universities, either through paying for them or by laws requiring the tutors to take holy orders. Sir Isaac Newton was very unusual in that he didn’t take orders when he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge (a post currently held by Stephen Hawking), arguing that the post required the holder to spend time on science, not the Anglican Church. However, the requirement for teachers to accept Church doctrine did mean that universities had a socially conservative outlook. While scholarships were available, students had to have money to attend, reinforcing this conservatism. While wild, threatening ideas about the world and the way it worked did emerge from universities, the institutions were rarely radical or revolutionary breeding grounds. False
building_description_texts_long_description_vineyards_european \n\nWine is one of the pleasures of life for all classes in society and, along with ale, is the standard drink of many Europeans thanks to poor quality water supplies in towns and cities. No one actually cares about the public health implications of wells and open sewers in close proximity to each other!\n\nThe patterns of growth and consumption of wine in the 18th Century often had some odd roots. The British taste for “claret” (Bordeaux wine) dates back to the Middle Ages when the English monarchy controlled the region. Much of the earliest “New World” wine is supposedly the result of plantings by the Catholic Church to ensure that they had a supply of wine for Mass. Grape varieties can have similar odd origins: Shiraz, for example, started as Syrah grapes, originating in Persia and were brought back to France around the time of the Crusades. There were many more local grape varieties than today, because pests from America wiped out older types in the 19th Century. False
building_description_texts_long_description_western_artillery_fort_european \n\nAn artillery fort has strong walls and parapets with embrasures: gaps for cannons to fire through at attackers. Properly served and loaded with grape or canister shot, guns turn the approaches to the fort into death traps for any attacking infantry.\n\nThe fort has to be strongly constructed to withstand repeated pounding by attacking cannons, and by the recoil of its own pieces. Repeated firing by even small cannons, such as nine-pounders, causes tremendous strains on the structure. The other risk to the fort is, of course, fire. While the fabric of the building itself will not burn, the magazine holding the powder and shot for the fort can catch fire and explode.\n\nHistorically, it was not unknown for defenders to blow their own forts up, by accident or design. The powder magazine was a dangerous place, and required rigid adherence to correct procedures by everyone if disaster was to be avoided. On one occasion at Fort York, during the War of 1812, the defending British set off the magazine as they withdrew to deny the contents to the American attackers, killing hundreds of the assault force in the explosion. False
building_description_texts_long_description_wine_estates_european \n\nThe entire process is still subject to the vagaries of weather, soil and time. It is quite possible for an estate to produce a truly great wine one year and a foul one the next because, while standards are improving, there are still a great many variables that are only dimly understood. \n\nIn some parts of the world, a great wine estate is a prestigious possession, over and above its economic value. \n\nAnd the value could be great indeed: the 18th Century was a time of prodigious boozing in Europe. Georgian Englishmen, for example, apparently had bottomless gullets even by contemporary standards, as the available water was not always fit to drink. Contrary to the popular belief of the time, excessive drinking was not the cause of gout (an agonising inflammation of the joints) only a contributory factor. Gout is triggered by a high-protein diet (as favoured by the wealthier classes of the period), and the liberal use of toxic lead compounds to sweeten wine probably did little to help matters! False
building_description_texts_long_description_wineries_european \n\nGlass is expensive, and it is better to ship casks to market and then have the consignment bottled by wine merchants to suit local tastes. The casks can then be broken down for easy shipment back for refilling. The maturing process in the casks is a happy accident that improves the flavour of the wine!\n\nThe 18th Century was a period when food adulteration was common – whitening flour with chalk, for example – and wine was no exception. Watering was the least offensive and probably safest practice, as the alcohol would kill infectious parasites and germs in the water. Also common was the practice of sweetening wine by adding various chemicals, including lead. Lead was known to be poisonous, but without legislation to protect customers, there was nothing that could be done to stop vintners adding whatever they wanted to wine. False
building_description_texts_long_description_wooden_artillery_fort_european \n\nAn artillery fort has a strong wall and parapet that is set with embrasures, gaps for cannons to fire through at attackers. \n\nThe repeated firing of even quite small artillery pieces, even six-pounders, puts a tremendous strain on any structure. An artillery fort therefore requires a lot of timber for bracing, and a considerable amount of manual work to create the required earthworks. These do make the structure better able to resist bombardment by attackers, but no timber structure, even one backed by earthen banks, can stand forever against artillery. \n\nA wooden artillery fort commands the surrounding landscape, and is a significant strategic obstacle to any invading force. Its imposing walls also give notice that its builders intend to keep the land they have occupied. False
building_description_texts_long_description_wooden_fort_european \n\nAs a defensive work, it is well able to withstand enemy attacks when properly defended by stalwart men; a garrison should expect to hold out against attacks for some little time. The walls are high enough to give a good firing position to any defenders, and any aggressor had better bring a ladder or particularly acrobatic attackers to a siege! The walls are only the most visible part of the defence: the surrounding trees and undergrowth are cut back to provide a clear firing – and therefore killing – ground for the defenders. This cleared ground often extends well beyond musket range, to deny attackers the chance to approach unseen.\n\nUnlike a stockade, a fort is a relative permanent structure and, as such, it serves to mark ownership of territory as much as to command the surrounding area. Forts are positioned with an eye to using the existing terrain, commanding any strategic approaches (such as passes and river crossings) and intimidating the natives. False
building_description_texts_long_description_yusekokul \n\nThe syllabus concentrates on traditional Islamic areas of study, and emphases the philosophical underpinnings of faith, the theological and spiritual orthodoxies, and the legal implications of following the teachings of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The result is a highly educated man, who can act as a scholar in the wider community, but has the intellectual and practical abilities needed to hold many government positions. The graduates of a yüksekokul can be relied upon to carry out their duties with diligence.\n\nHistorically, the Ottoman Empire relied almost entirely upon its Muslim population for administrators at every level. Minority religions were granted legal protections and treated leniently, but it was almost unheard of for a professed Christian or Jew to reach a position of high authority. Although education was valued, the janissaries did have something of a military stranglehold on the administration of the Empire. Inherently resistant to change, the janissary administrators were a deadening force in the intellectual, political and scientific life of the Empire. False
building_description_texts_short_description_army_barracks_european A national army requires central organisation, if only for pay and rations. Regiments may be the preserve of their commanding officers, but the functionaries control the purse strings! False
building_description_texts_short_description_army_board_european This is the centre of the army’s bureaucracy, where clerks and secretaries of state labour to make the fighting soldiers’ lives as awkward as possible! False
building_description_texts_short_description_army_staff_college_european This institution educates soldiers in more advanced aspects of warfare, not just in the theory of tactics. False
building_description_texts_short_description_artillery_park_european An artillery park is a store for cannons, howitzers and mortars and their associated equipment; everything an artilleryman could need for his trade is here! False
building_description_texts_short_description_barracks_european Barracks provide more than simple housing blocks for regular military forces. The buildings also serve to remind the local people who is in charge. False
building_description_texts_short_description_barracks_middle_east Janissary barracks are the recruiting, training and housing centres for the most feared soldiers in the Ottoman army. False
building_description_texts_short_description_cannon_foundry_european Cannon foundries not only make guns, but also ammunition and the associated equipment for artillerymen. They are hot, dangerous places to work. False
building_description_texts_short_description_college_european A college offers an academic education – a veneer of civilized sophistication – to the sons of the aristocracy and gentry. False
building_description_texts_short_description_college_ottoman A college offers an academic, secular education to the sons of the wealthy and influential. False
building_description_texts_short_description_commercial_basin_european With the addition of exchanges, shipping agents, customs houses, even more warehouses and even more docks, a basin becomes an economic powerhouse. False
building_description_texts_short_description_commercial_port_european Adding warehouses additional docks and even the services of the excisemen to a port increases the amount of trade that can be done. Now cargoes can be consolidated and shipped onwards. False
building_description_texts_short_description_conservatorium_european A conservatorium is a school for musicians, specialising in the highly cultured music required for church and state occasions. False
building_description_texts_short_description_conservatorium_middle_east Calligraphy is the art of writing and, by extension, the art of producing books. It is a worthy accomplishment to produce beautiful script. False
building_description_texts_short_description_dockyard_european A dockyard can carry out major shipbuilding work, and usually includes a large number of associated artisans and tradesmen from coopers to victuallers. False
building_description_texts_short_description_drill_school_european A drill school creates the common practices for an army, and turns a collection of disparate forces into a precise and clockwork killing machine. False
building_description_texts_short_description_drydock_european A dry dock is a large brick or stone basin with a set of watertight gates. Once a ship has floated in, the lock gates are shut and the dock drained. False
building_description_texts_short_description_engineer_school_european Military engineering is a highly technical field of study, best carried out by trained officers and not left to common soldiery with mattocks! False
building_description_texts_short_description_fFort1_wooden_artillery_fort_european A wooden artillery fort is a significant defensive structure, reinforced to allow guns to fire from the walls. False
building_description_texts_short_description_fFort2_western_artillery_fort_european An artillery fort is a permanent defensive structure, mounting as many heavy guns as the builders can afford to emplace. False
building_description_texts_short_description_fFort3_star_fort_european A star fort is a system of bastions with interlocking fields of fire: an intimidating obstacle to any attacker! False
building_description_texts_short_description_fFort3_star_fort_middle_east This imposing fort is a difficult objective for any attacker, and a clear symbol of power! False
building_description_texts_short_description_gold_mine_european Mining is a dirty, dangerous business. Men hack out all manner of valuable minerals by hand, risking life and limb for the mine owners’ profits. False
building_description_texts_short_description_gold_mine_tribal The earth has many hidden treasures: all a man need do is scratch its surface and he will be rewarded. False
building_description_texts_short_description_grand_opera_house_european This impressive setting for musical performances allows the audience to delight in novel entertainments, and admire the good taste of the house’s patron. False
building_description_texts_short_description_grand_opera_house_middle_east Formal gardens are a place of quiet contemplation, where the cares and burdens of the state can be set aside for a while. False
building_description_texts_short_description_great_arsenal_european A great arsenal is a government-owned factory, intended to manage the manufacturing and development of long guns and all the paraphernalia needed. False
building_description_texts_short_description_great_museum_european This splendid structure is a celebration of national greatness, celebrating the progress of a country towards its current perfection. False
building_description_texts_short_description_gunnery_school_european A practical education in the arts of gunnery and the uses of firepower can be a very useful thing for an officer of artillery. False
building_description_texts_short_description_industrial_gold_mining_complex_european Mining is only part of the process of extracting wealth from the ground. Once on the surface, the ore must be processed and smelted. False
building_description_texts_short_description_iron_mine_tribal The earth has many hidden treasures: all a man need do is scratch its surface and he will be rewarded. False
building_description_texts_short_description_madrassa A madras is an Islamic place of learning, where Muslims can study not only their faith, but also the law, jurisprudence, science and history. False
building_description_texts_short_description_magistrate_european The magistrate is, for common people, the government made flesh. There may be a monarch or president on the coinage, but it is the magistrate’s pronouncements that really matter! False
building_description_texts_short_description_magistrate_tribal Keepers of wisdom, the council of elders see to it that their people’s way of life is respected and continued. False
building_description_texts_short_description_military_academy_european A military academy is a training establishment for young officers, those who must rely on talent, rather than connections or wealth, for preferment. False
building_description_texts_short_description_modern_university_european This is a centre of learning and original thought, where the sciences and arts of Mankind are extended. False
building_description_texts_short_description_opera_house_european An opera house is a sumptuous theatre for the performance of highly stylized musical plays. Society figures attend to be seen rather than for amusement. False
building_description_texts_short_description_opera_house_indian There are rich traditions in the Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic arts that are valued by the educated and wealthy. False
building_description_texts_short_description_opera_house_middle_east Poetry is a form of literature held in high regard throughout the Turkish, Persian and Arab-speaking world by all the educated classes of society. False
building_description_texts_short_description_opera_house_tribal A sacred site where a tribe can honour its fallen warriors for all time. False
building_description_texts_short_description_ordnance_board_european This council of state is charged with looking after all matters relating to the production and use of artillery. False
building_description_texts_short_description_ordnance_factory_european An ordnance factory is a large-scale enterprise dedicated to the design and manufacture of guns and their associated equipment for the army and navy. False
building_description_texts_short_description_pNavy1_shipyard_european A dockyard gives a region a basic shipbuilding capability, and allows the construction of smaller warships. False
building_description_texts_short_description_pNavy2_dockyard_european A dry dock is a man-made basin with a set of watertight gates. It allows the construction of many types of warships. False
building_description_texts_short_description_pNavy3_steam_drydock_european A steam drydock is a basin for shipbuilding and repair that can be pumped dry by steam power. Steam engines also power much machinery. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_austria_albertina The Albertina is a collection of antiquities and objects that are the glory of Vienna. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_austria_hofburg This magnificent palace is a suitably grand and imposing surroundings for the business of running an Empire. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_britain_british_museum The British Museum is a collection of curiosities, antiquities and books that is the envy of the civilized world. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_britain_somerset_house This is a national government building, purpose-built to house many of the important departments of state in a suitably awe-inspiring style. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_france_arc_de_triomphe This is a magnificent and imposing monument to French military prowess and success. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_france_palais_bourbon Governments need a suitably magnificent setting to conduct their business. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_maratha_ajinkyatara From its location near the city of Satara this great fortress dominates the surrounding area. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_maratha_shaniwarwada This magnificent fortified palace is a visible expression of Maratha greatness. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_ottomans_naval_engineering_school Despite the name, this naval college offers training to naval architects, shipbuilders and quarterdeck officers. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_ottomans_nur-u_osmaniye_mosque This magnificent Baroque and Rococo mosque is one of the finest religious buildings ever constructed. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_poland_akademia This cadet school produces fine officers for the Polish army. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_poland_lazienki_park These magnificent gardens are a splendid setting for any royal palace. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_prussia_berlin_academy The academy is a gathering of the finest scientific and cultural minds in Germany, uniting science and the humanities in one organisation. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_prussia_brandenburg_gate This is a magnificent monument to Prussian military prowess and the peace it obtained. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_russia_kunstkamara This huge collection of natural curiosities and rarities is intended to educate and inform. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_russia_winter_palace Peter the Great’s splendid building was intended to rival any royal palace anywhere in Europe or beyond. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_spain_academia The fine arts are an ornament to any civilized nation. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_spain_palacio_real_de_madrid The Royal Palace is a suitable setting for any monarch with pretensions to rule much of the world. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_sweden_konglig_museum This impressive collection of art would be an ornament to any nation. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_sweden_slott The Royal Palace in Stockholm is a suitably grand setting for a monarchy with pretensions to rule the Baltic and northern Europe. False
building_description_texts_short_description_prest_unitedprovinces_kweekschool This naval school produces fine naval officers for Dutch sea service. False